Showing posts with label A. Show all posts
Showing posts with label A. Show all posts

Thursday, October 27, 2016

Agents for hypertensive emergencies


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Agents for hypertensive emergencies are given parenterally as it is critical to reduce the blood pressure immediately because at that stage it could be life threatening. Hypertensive emergencies are hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia, acute left ventricular failure and acute heart failure.


Generally, agents used in hypertensive emergencies are vasodilators, which widen blood vessels and reduce blood pressure.

See also

Medical conditions associated with agents for hypertensive emergencies:

  • Heart Failure
  • Hypertensive Emergency
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Prevention of Radiographic Contrast Nephropathy

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Anorexiants


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Anorexiants are drugs that act on the brain to suppress appetite. They have a stimulant effect on the hypothalamic and limbic regions, which control satiety. Anorexiants are used as therapy for obesity.

See also

Medical conditions associated with anorexiants:

  • ADHD
  • Nasal Congestion
  • Obesity
  • Weight Loss

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Wednesday, October 26, 2016

Anti-angiogenic ophthalmic agents


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Anti-angiogenic ophthalmic agents act as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonists. When retinal pigment cells become ischemic and dry up VEGF stimulates generation of new blood vessels by a process called neovascularization. During the generation of new blood vessels in the retina, if the blood vessels do not generate properly it causes leaking. This can lead to loss of vision.


Anti-angiogenic ophthalmic agents are used to stop neovascularization in age related macular degeneration.

See also

Medical conditions associated with anti-angiogenic ophthalmic agents:

  • Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Macular Degeneration
  • Macular Edema

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Antibiotics/antineoplastics


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Antibiotic antineoplastics are agents that have microbial origin, that is they are derived from microorganisms. The different antibiotic antineoplastic agents affect DNA replication by various cytotoxic actions. They are used as chemotherapy agents to treat many types of cancers.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antibiotics/antineoplastics:

  • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
  • Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
  • Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia
  • Acute Myeloid Leukemia
  • Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia
  • Bladder Cancer
  • Breast Cancer
  • Breast Cancer, Adjuvant
  • Cancer
  • Ewing's Sarcoma
  • Hairy Cell Leukemia
  • Hodgkin's Lymphoma
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hypercalciuria
  • Kaposi's Sarcoma
  • Leukemia
  • Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis
  • Lung Cancer
  • Lymphoma
  • Malignant Pleural Effusion
  • Multiple Myeloma
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Ovarian Cancer
  • Pancreatic Cancer
  • Prostate Cancer
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Soft Tissue Sarcoma
  • Solid Tumors
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Stomach Cancer
  • Testicular Cancer
  • Thyroid Cancer
  • Trophoblastic Disease
  • Urinary Tract Tumors
  • Wilms' Tumor

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Antidiuretic hormones


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary. It is important mainly for its actions on the kidneys where it increases the re-absorption of water. Vasopressin is also a powerful vasoconstrictor. Its effects are through two types of receptors, V1 and V2.


Water retention is mediated through V2 receptors, occurs at low plasma concentrations of vasopressin and is due to activation of adenylate cyclase and increased cAMP production in the collecting ducts of the nephrons. It increases the permeability of the membrane to water.


Vasopressin causes contraction of smooth muscle, mainly in the cardiovascular system. Vasocontriction occurs by mediation of V1 receptors and requires higher concentrations if vasopressin.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antidiuretic hormones:

  • Abdominal Distension Prior to Abdominal X-ray
  • Asystole
  • Diabetes Insipidus
  • Esophageal Varices with Bleeding
  • Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
  • Hemophilia A
  • Postoperative Gas Pains
  • Primary Nocturnal Enuresis
  • Ventricular Fibrillation
  • Ventricular Tachycardia
  • von Willebrand's Disease

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Tuesday, October 25, 2016

Antiemetic/antivertigo agents


Vomiting is controlled by the vomiting center in the medulla. Vomiting center is activated by either one of four trigger zones: chemoreceptor trigger zone, vestibular nuclei, cerebral cortex and gastrointestinal tract. Vomiting center is controlled by serotonin (5-HT3), muscarinic and histamine (H1) receptors.


Chemoreceptor trigger zone is sensitive to chemical stimuli, such as opioids and cytotoxic drugs. It is under the control of dopamine, serotonin (5-HT3) and opioid receptors.


Vestibular nuclei is controlled by muscarinic and histamine (H1) receptors. This is activated in vertigo or motion sickness.


Cerebral cortex activates vomiting from smell, thought and so on. Gastrointestinal tract has serotonin (5-HT3) receptors, which are affected by chemotherapeutic drugs.


Different classes of drugs work on different receptors and act as antiemetics and antivertigo agents.

See also

  • 5HT3 receptor antagonists
  • anticholinergic antiemetics
  • miscellaneous antiemetics
  • phenothiazine antiemetics

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Antimalarial combinations


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Antimalarial combinations are products that contain more than one antimalarial agent in the one pill or dose. The different agents generally have different modes of action so attack the bacteria in different ways and in different stages of the life-cycle of the bacteria. These products give better antimicrobial action. Having more than one agent in one pill increases compliance and may prevent drug resistant strains of bacteria from emerging.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antimalarial combinations:

  • Malaria
  • Malaria Prevention
  • Pneumocystis Pneumonia Prophylaxis

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Monday, October 24, 2016

Antimigraine agents


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antimigraine agents:

  • Cluster Headaches
  • Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
  • Headache
  • Migraine
  • New Daily Persistent Headache

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Antitussives


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Antitussives are drugs that suppress coughing, possibly by reducing the activity of the cough center in the brain. T


Antitussive agents are used to relieve dry cough.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antitussives:

  • Cough
  • Diarrhea
  • Pain

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Antiviral combinations


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Antiviral combinations have more than one antiviral agent in the one pill or dose. Using a combination of antiviral agents reduces the risk of resistant virus strains from emerging.


Antiviral agents are used to inhibit production of viruses that cause disease. Most antiviral agents are only effective while the virus is replicating.


It is difficult to find medicines that are selective for the virus as viruses share most of the metabolic processes of the host cell. However, some enzymes are only present in viruses and these are potential targets for drugs.


Agents that inhibit the transcription of the viral genome are DNA polymerase inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Protease inhibitors inhibit the post-translational events. Other antiviral agents inhibit the virus from attaching to or penetrating the host cell. Immunomodulators induce production of host cell enzymes, which stop viral reproduction. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors prevent integration of the viral DNA into the host DNA by inhibiting the viral enzyme integrase. Neuraminidase inhibitors block viral enzymes and inhibit reproduction of the viruses.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antiviral combinations:

  • Cryoglobulinemia
  • Hepatitis C
  • HIV Infection
  • Nonoccupational Exposure
  • Occupational Exposure

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Friday, October 21, 2016

Aromatase inhibitors


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Aromatase inhibitors are drugs that inhibit the synthesis of estrogen by blocking aromatase, an enzyme that converts androgens into estrogen. Some cancers are estrogen-dependent, so by blocking the synthesis of estrogen and keeping the estrogen levels low, growth of these cancers can be slowed or inhibited.


Aromatase inhibitors cannot stop the ovaries from making estrogen so they are not effective in suppressing estrogen synthesis in premenopausal women. Aromatase inhibitors are mainly used in the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, when the ovaries are no longer producing estrogen.

See also

Medical conditions associated with aromatase inhibitors:

  • Breast Cancer
  • Breast Cancer, Adjuvant
  • Breast Cancer, Metastatic
  • Breast Cancer, Palliative
  • Female Infertility
  • McCune-Albright Syndrome
  • Pubertal Gynecomastia

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Anthelmintics


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Anthelmintics are agents used to eradicate intestinal worms (helminthes) from the body. Tapeworms, roundworms and flukes are classified as helminthes. Anthelmintics are effective in eradicating worms but proper hygiene is necessary to prevent re-infection. Washing hands properly before meals and after visiting the toilet is essential.


All members of the family or household need to be treated.

See also

Medical conditions associated with anthelmintics:

  • Angiostrongylosis
  • Ascariasis
  • Capillariasis
  • Cutaneous Larva Migrans
  • Cysticercus cellulosae
  • Dog Tapeworm
  • Dracunculiasis
  • Echinococcus
  • Enterobiasis
  • Fasciolopsis buski, Intestinal Fluke
  • Filariasis, Elephantiasis
  • Fish Tapeworm Infection
  • Giardiasis
  • Gnathostomiasis
  • Head Lice
  • Heterophyes heterophyes, Intestinal Fluke
  • Hookworm Infection, Necator or Ancylostoma
  • Hydatid Disease
  • Hymenolepis nana, Dwarf Tapeworm
  • Liver Fluke
  • Metagonimus yokogawai, Intestinal Fluke
  • Microsporidiosis
  • Moniliformis Infection
  • Naophyetus salmincola
  • Neurocysticercosis
  • Onchocerciasis, River Blindness
  • Opisthorchis viverrini, Liver Fluke
  • Paragonimus westermani, Lung Fluke
  • Pinworm Infection, Enterobius vermicularis
  • Scabies
  • Schistosoma haematobium
  • Schistosoma japonicum
  • Schistosoma mansoni
  • Schistosoma mekongi
  • Strongyloidiasis
  • Taenia saginata, beef tapeworm
  • Taenia solium, pork tapeworm
  • Trichinosis
  • Trichostrongylosis
  • Visceral Larva Migrans, Toxicariasis
  • Whipworm Infection

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Thursday, October 20, 2016

Antituberculosis agents


Antituberculosis agents are drugs used to treat tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This infection mainly affects the lungs but can also affect many other organ systems. Many classes of drugs, with different mechanism of action have activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


Tuberculosis chemotherapy involves giving two to four drugs simultaneously. These drugs work differently so they target the organism in different ways and using a few types of drugs prevents drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium from evolving.

See also

  • aminosalicylates
  • antituberculosis combinations
  • miscellaneous antituberculosis agents
  • nicotinic acid derivatives
  • rifamycin derivatives
  • streptomyces derivatives

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics


Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that work on the central nervous system to treat anxiety and insomnia. The main classes of drugs are benzodiazepines and barbiturates.

See also

  • barbiturates
  • benzodiazepines
  • miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Antipsoriatics


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Antipsoriatics are agents that are either taken orally or applied locally on the skin to treat psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition with itchy, dry scaly patches. These agents have different modes of action but in due course they work to control psoriasis.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antipsoriatics:

  • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
  • Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
  • Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia
  • Bladder Cancer
  • Brain Tumor
  • Breast Cancer
  • Bullous Pemphigoid
  • Cervical Cancer
  • Choriocarcinoma
  • Cogan's Syndrome
  • Colorectal Cancer
  • Dermatomyositis
  • Ectopic Pregnancy
  • Eczema
  • Esophageal Carcinoma
  • Gastric Cancer
  • Graft-versus-host disease
  • Head and Neck Cancer
  • Hodgkin's Lymphoma
  • Lymphoma
  • Meningeal Leukemia
  • Mycosis Fungoides
  • Neoplastic Diseases
  • Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
  • Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Ovarian Cancer
  • Pancreatic Cancer
  • Pemphigoid
  • Pemphigus
  • Pityriasis rubra pilaris
  • Psoriasis
  • Psoriatic Arthritis
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Small Cell Lung Cancer
  • Soft Tissue Sarcoma
  • Solid Tumors
  • Systemic Sclerosis
  • Trophoblastic Disease
  • Uveitis

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Wednesday, October 19, 2016

Antituberculosis combinations


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Antituberculosis combinations are products with more than one drug, given simultaneously to treat tuberculosis. The different drugs have different mechanisms of action and are given together to avoid emergence of drug resistant strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using medications with different mechanisms of action also targets the bacteria in different ways and makes treatment more effective.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antituberculosis combinations:

  • Tuberculosis, Active

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Centrally acting antiadrenergic agents inhibit the stimulation of the central nervous system alpha-adrenergic receptors and decrease sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels and the heart. They block the release and action of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine), which are released in response to stress.


Centrally acting antiadrenergic agents make the heart beat slower and with less force, and relax the blood vessels. All these actions lead to a decrease blood pressure.


Centrally acting antiadrenergic agents are used to treat hypertension.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting:

  • ADHD
  • Alcohol Withdrawal
  • Anxiety
  • Atrial Fibrillation
  • Benzodiazepine Withdrawal
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Hyperhidrosis
  • Hypertensive Emergency
  • Insomnia, Stimulant-Associated
  • Migraine Prevention
  • Opiate Withdrawal
  • Pain
  • Perimenopausal Symptoms
  • Persisting Pain, Shingles
  • Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis
  • Postanesthetic Shivering
  • Restless Legs Syndrome
  • Smoking Cessation
  • Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Tourette's Syndrome
  • Ulcerative Colitis

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Tuesday, October 18, 2016

Antiarrhythmic agents


See also

  • group I antiarrhythmics
  • group II antiarrhythmics
  • group III antiarrhythmics
  • group IV antiarrhythmics
  • group V antiarrhythmics

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Aminosalicylates


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Aminosalicylates or aminosalicylic acid is used with other drugs to treat tuberculosis. Aminosalicylic acid is thought to inhibit folic acid synthesis and/or inhibit synthesis of a component of the cell wall. It is bacteriostatic against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Aminosalicylates also prevent development of bacterial resistance to drugs such as streptomycin and isoniazid.

See also

Medical conditions associated with aminosalicylates:

  • Tuberculosis, Active
  • Tuberculosis, Resistant

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Antihypertensive combinations


A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Antihypertensive combinations have agents that control blood pressure. One pill or dose form contains more than one class of drug, which is indicated to treat hypertension. Having a combination of drugs in one pill may better control hypertension by improving compliance.

See also

Medical conditions associated with antihypertensive combinations:

  • Angina
  • Ascites
  • Edema
  • Heart Failure
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Nephrotic Syndrome

Drug List:

Posted by at No comments:
Labels:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)